Hakuraku之家是对一栋位于横滨的双层房屋的改造。

HakurakuHouseprojectistherenovationofatwo-storeyhouselocatedinRokkakubashi,Yokohama.

▼外观exteriorview©AkiraNakamura

原建筑是一栋1930年代的不对称二层公寓楼，房屋经历了不同时期的扩建，一定程度上丧失了首层空间的简洁，构成了复杂的流线。改造旨在采用更有序的手法对扩建部分进行重新设计，以恢复室内空间的和谐有序。

Originallybuiltasasymmetricaltwo-apartmentsdwellingduringthe1930s,ithasundergoneextensionsovertimewhichpartiallybroketheneatnessofthefloorplanandtangledtheflow.Theprojectwantedtoredesigntheextensionsinamoreorderedmannerandrestoretheharmonyofthedwelling.

▼玄关theentrancespace©AkiraNakamura

为了延长结构寿命，直到二战结束后，日本传统建筑中一直采用一种便于拆解和维修的简单结构，形成了“可拆解（分解できる）”的设计方法。这种方法深刻地影响了后代的建筑构造，并逐渐演变成一种“可变（Kahen-sei）建筑”的理念。该理念又可细分为更多流派，其中一种名为Kakekae（掛け替え），字面上为“替代”之意，但实际含义更加广泛，指更新现有零件以强化整体结构的方法。

Tomakestructureslastlonger,untilthesecondpostwarperiodJapanesetraditionalarchitectureusedtodesignbuildingseasytodisassembleandrepair,developingtheBunkaidekiru(分解できる,literally“canbedisassembled”)method.Laterconstructionswereheavilyinfluencedbythispractise,thusgeneratingtheconsequentideaofavariablearchitecturecalledKahen-sei(可変性)whichisitselfsubdividedintoothersubordinatemethods.OneofthemisnamedKakekae(掛け替え,translatedas“substitute,replacement”butwithawidervarietyofmeanings),theapproachofalteringexistingelementstoenhancethespace.

▼右侧门廊hallwaytotheright©AkiraNakamura

▼右侧起居区livingspacetotheright©AkiraNakamura

该方法被应用于房屋首层交通空间的改造中，像上文提到过的那样，首层空间在后期的改造中在后方划分为均等的空间，除现有房屋两侧两个陡而扭转的楼梯外，还在北侧增加了第三个楼梯，使空间变得更加模糊。尽管几何体量并不舒适，原有的楼梯仍有效地塑造出一二层的空间。与此同时，虽然对房屋的使用有所影响，但附加的楼梯带来了更好的行走体验。

Thiswasappliedforthecirculationsysteminthefirstfloor:asintroducedbefore,thefloorplanwasdevelopedevenlywithlaterextensionsontherearside.Theadditionincludedathirdstairwayonthenorthsidetothesteepandtwistedexistingtwoontheoppositeendsofthehouse,whichgeneratedanunclearsituation.Despitebeingslightlyuncomfortablebecauseoftheirgeometry,theoriginalstairsshapedthespacesefficientlyonfirstandsecondfloor;meanwhile,theaddedstairisthemostpleasantforwalking,butittaintsboththeroomsserved.

▼左侧门廊hallwaytotheleft©AkiraNakamura

▼起居区livingspace©AkiraNakamura

▼看向窗外景观viewthroughthewindow©AkiraNakamura

考虑到这种情况，设计采用“零件替换”这种权衡利弊的方法，将增加的楼梯移除，以恢复原有对称的交通空间，为厨房增加更多容量。经过重整后的楼梯在隔板后留下了空隙，并形成了一个通高的空间，将厨房和顶部楼层相连。此外，方案将浴室从拥挤的空间中释放出来，单独布置为附加部分。

ForthissituationKakekaejoinedtheprosanddiscardedcons:theaddedstairshiftedtoreplaceoneoftheearlyone,thusrestoringthesymmetricalcirculationandgivingmorespacetothekitchen.Thevoidleftintheslabfromtherearrangedstairsbecameadoubleheighttoconnectthekitchenandthevanityunitonthetopstorey.Speakingofwhich,thebathroommovedfromthesqueezedspotunderthestairwelltotheannexeroom.

▼从起居空间看向左侧门廊viewofthehallwayfromthelivingspace©AkiraNakamura

▼左侧厨房空间viewofthekitchen©AkiraNakamura

▼厨房区走廊corridorbetweenthekitchens©AkiraNakamura

▼窗台一角acornerbythewindow©AkiraNakamura

与入口空间相反，二层楼层拆除了分隔墙体以形成开放空间，并通过改造后的窗户引入了更多自然光线。在改造日本木质建筑时，通常首要的任务就是优化旧结构以提升抗震性，在结构间形成紧密的联结以增加地震时的稳定性。因此，方案为每个元素都增加了稳定器，这种方法不仅极大地节约了预算，也因无需安装新的梁柱而保证了平面的开放和灵活。

Contrarytotheentrancefloor,thesecondlevelremoveditsdivisionwallstogenerateanopenspacewithgenerousnaturallightenteringfromtheimprovedwindows.ThemaintaskduringrenovationsofoldbuildingsinJapan,woodenhousesinparticular,isoftenembodiedbytheseismicretrofittingmeanttoupdateobsoletestructures.Toincreasethestrengthofedificesduringanearthquake,thestructuremustbebondedtogether.Here,theretrofittingisachievedbydampersattachedtoeachelement.Thismethod,besidesbeingremarkablyaffordable,keepsthelayoutopenandflexiblesinceitdoesn’trequirenewcolumnsorbeaminstallation.

▼楼梯口topofthestairs©AkiraNakamura

白色墙体和深色结构的对比为房屋营造出一种安稳沉静的氛围。Hakuraku之家由多种特性定义，建筑立面延续历史外观，保留了褪色木材和锈铁结构，使改造只集中于室内。内部空间展现出更多二元性，紧凑的首层空间和宽敞的二层空间通过陡峭的楼梯划分开来。

Thecontrastbetweenthewhiteofthewallsandthedarkcolourofthestructuretransmitsacalmandsecureatmospheretothehouse.HakurakuHouseischaracterisedbymultiplefeatures:fromtheoutsideitlookslikecomingfromapastage,giventhefadedwoodandtherustysteelonthefacade.Thisisbecausetherenovationaffectedonlytheinteriors.Anotherdualityispresentontheinside,withthecompactfirstfloorandthewiderseconddefinedandseparatedbythesteepnessofthestairs.

▼二层开放空间openspaceonthesecondfloor©AkiraNakamura

▼开放盥洗处washbasin©AkiraNakamura

尽管在十九世纪中期普遍采用“分解重组”的方法，但“可拆解”的概念仍对今天的设计有很大启发。年轻的建筑师们不仅继承了传统方法，还融入了当代对可持续性和回收材料的考虑。

Despitebeingreplacedwitha“dismantleandreconstruct”approachduringthemidnineteenthcentury,thebenefitsofBunkaidekiruarestillextremelyrelevanttoday.Besideallowingancienttraditionstobeinheritedbyyoungarchitectsandworkers,itdealswiththecontemporaryconcernoversustainabilityandrecyclingofspacesandbuildingmaterials.

▼结构细部details©AkiraNakamura

▼改造前首层空间thegroundfloorplanbeforerenovation©ROOVICE

▼改造后首层空间thegroundfloorplanafterrenovation©ROOVICE

▼改造前二层空间thesecondfloorplanbeforerenovation©ROOVICE

▼改造后二层空间thesecondfloorplanafterrenovation©ROOVICE